The refining process begins with crude oil. Crude oil is unrefined liquid petroleum, which ranges in colour from yellow to black, and may have a paraffin, asphalt or combined base. Crude oil is composed of thousands of different chemical compounds called hydrocarbons, all with different boiling points. For example, a typical crude oil could begin to boil at 104° F to supply petroleum gas used for heating and making plastics, and finish boiling at higher than 1112° F to produce residuals akin to petroleum coke, asphalt and tar.

Crude oil is mostly described as sweet or bitter in response to its sulfur content material, and heavy or light based on its API Gravity. The API Gravity index is a relative measure of weight-the decrease the number, the heavier the material; the upper the number, the lighter the material. Whereas there are not any exacting definitions for these kinds of crudes, a common rule of thumb is:

– A heavy crude is less than 30°API, whereas a gentle crude is higher than 30°API.
– If crude comprises a sizable amount of sulfur or sulfur compounds, it is named sour crude; if it has little to no sulfur, it is sweet crude. Refinery Sour crude might comprise 1%-5% sulfur content, while sweet crudes may have less than 1% sulfur content.

Refining Process Definitions

Coker Unit: processes vacuum resid, which is heated to over 900° F and put into the coke drums, where it undergoes thermal cracking as the oil decomposes under the extreme heat. Merchandise embody butane and lighter materials, naphtha for Reforming, turbine and diesel gas, gas oil for Cat Cracking, and gas grade petroleum coke.

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