Petroleum Feature

Petroleum or crude oil,is a mixture of countless of hydrocarbon.The carbons consists of around C₁ to C_55. More than 4 carbons contains isomers.Such as N-butane and ISO-butane.And isomers increase obviously with carbons.Therefore,it is difficult to determine the ingredients one by one.At atmospheric pressure and room temperature,C₁ to C₄ are gaseous state, C₅ to C₁₆ are liquid,and above C₁₇ is solid,and the liquid are as solvent,mutually dissolve the gaseous,liquid and solid ingredients to mixed liquid.The crude oil contains three kinds of different molecularly ingredients such as paraffin(saturated hydrocarbon),cycloalkane and aromatic hydrocarbon.

Quality or feature estimation of Crude oil has following three methods.Elemental analysis is for the determination of carbon,hydrogen,sulfur,oxygen,nitrogen and metal composition like nickel,vanadium and other elements.The hydrogen to carbon atomic ratio of crude oil is above 1:57,higher than that of coal 0.84 and wood 1:54.Other elements of crude oil will have negative effect of oil quality, extraction equipment and catalyst,especially when sulfur is burned,it will produce SO_X or acid rain pollution.So sulfur contains of crude oil is within 1.0 wt%(weight percentage)is the best,and price is the highest,when 1.0～2.0 wt％ is moderate,when above 2.0 wt％ is the worst,and price is the cheapest.Distillation method is to test yield distribution of gasoline fraction containing not easy to condensate natural gas(C₁～C₂) and liquefied petroleum gas(C₃～C₄),petroleum brain or fraction of kerosene,diesel and fuel oil that not easy to distill.Specific gravity method,the proportion of crude oil is between 0.8 to 0.9,lighter than water,the lower the proportion is,the best the quality is,and more light gasoline fraction(proportion around 0.75) is.For obvious distinction,another US system weight(°API),the definition is °API ＝141.5／proportion（15.5℃）－ 131.5，showing that the proportion US system is inversely proportional to the general proportion,relatively,the API of general crude oil is between 25 to 46.Crude oil is a liquid with black viscous appearance,the viscous of which is about 6 to 40 times higher than water,rarely used directly.Therefore,it must be refined to become the oil of the market to exert its output value.

Oil Refining Industry

Oil refining industry is choosing the crude oil or synthetic crude oil with right price,according to its characteristics like hydrocarbon mixture liquid,through a series of physical separation and chemical treatment process,turning into an industry that meets the high price oils of the market,and also relying on the gross margin of difference between oil and crude oil,to maintain a sustainable business.

Derivative oil is mainly for the application of supplying fuel and petrochemical raw materials,but with different specification.Fuel,such as gasoline,diesel,aviation fuel and so on,focus on the comprehensive performance of its use of machinery such as internal combustion engines or engines,including easy to start,anti-knock,power output,thermal efficiency,low pollution and so on,so the fuel specification is a multi-component blending mixture,and distributed in the boiling point range.However,the petrochemical raw materials like ethylene,propylene,butadiene and aromatic hydrocarbons are required to be processed through a strict chemical treatment process to produce suitable molecular weights and structures,including synthetic products such as plastics,rubber,fibers and special chemicals.As the quality of anti-stress,anti-tension,heat resistant,acid resistant and anti-oxidation is better than natural products,the purity of raw material should be as high as above 99.9 wt％.